Definition of Anchoress and the Anchoress of Wisse

An anchoress is (was) a woman who withdraws from secular life for religious purposes, a female religious hermit or recluse. The male term is anchorite. Anchoresses and anchorites lived in seclusion, often in remote locations or walled into a room with only a shuttered window through which food was passed. The position of anchorite is still recognized in canon law of the Roman Catholic church as one form of consecrated life. The position was not one, generally, of complete seclusion. The anchoress was to be kept in connection with a church, and visitors to the anchoress, who could talk to her through a window in her cell, often came seeking prayers or practical advice.  She spent her time in prayer and contemplation, but often also engaged in writing and such typical women’s activities like embroidery. The anchoress was expected to eat and dress simply. An anchoress needed permission from a bishop to take up the life of semi-reclusion. He would determine if she was likely to adapt to the life of an anchoress and whether she had adequate financial support (this was not a way for the poor to be fed).  The bishop would oversee the anchoress’ life and make sure she was cared for well.   A special rite of enclosure marked the agreement between the church and the anchoress, and her dedication to the enclosed life. This ceremony echoed a burial or entombment, with last rites, as ritually the anchoress was dead to the world. Anchorhold The room, called an anchorhold or anchorage, was often connected to a church wall.  The cell had very little in it, just a bed, crucifix and altar. According to the Ancrene Wisse (see below) the cell was to have three windows.  One was on the outside so that people could visit the anchoress and seek her advice, counsel, and prayers.  Another was to the inside of the church.  Through this window, the anchoress could experience the worship service in the church, and could also be given communion.  A third window allowed an assistant to deliver food and take away waste. Sometimes there was a door to the anchorhold that was locked as part of the enclosure ceremony At death, it was customary to bury the anchoress in her anchorhold.  The grave was sometimes prepared as part of the enclosure rite. Examples Julian of Norwich  (14th and 15th centuries) was an anchoress; she did not live in complete seclusion though she was walled into her chamber. The chamber was connected to a church, she had a servant walled in with her and she sometimes advised pilgrims and other visitors. Alfwen (12th century England) was an anchoress who helped Christina of Markyate hide from her family, who were trying to force Christina into marriage. Among anchorites (male religious recluses enclosed in cells), Saint Jerome is one of the most famous, and is depicted in his cell in several art treatments. Living in a convent, as did figures like Hildegard of Bingen  and Hrotsvitha von Gandershei, was not the equivalent of being an anchoress. Background of the Term Anchoress Anchoress, and the related term anchorite, are derived from the Greek verb anacwre-ein or anachoreo, meaning â€Å"withdraw.†Ã‚  The Ancrene Wisse (see below), compares the anchoress to an anchor which holds a ship during storms and waves. Ancrene Wisse translation: anchoresses rule (or manual) Also Known As:  Ancren Riwle, Ancrene Rule An unknown 13th-century author wrote this work describing how women could live in religious seclusion.  A few convents used the rule in their order. The Ancrene Wisse is written in a dialect common in the West Midlands in the 13th century. There are eleven manuscripts known, some merely in fragments, written in Middle English. Four others are translated into Anglo-Norman French and another four into Latin. The writer J.R.R. Tolkien researched and edited this text, published in 1929. Popular Culture The 1993 movie Anchoress is modeled after a 14th-century anchoress, quite loosely.  In the film, Christine Carpenter, who is a peasant girl, is locked up at the urging of the priest who has designs on her. The priest tries and convicts her mother of being a witch, so Christine digs her way out of her cell. Robyn Cadwallader published a book, The Anchoress, in 2015, about a girl in the 13th century who became an anchoress.  Sarah takes up the life of an anchoress in order to avoid her landlord’s son, who has designs on her; for her, becoming an anchoress is a way to protect her virginity.

The First Stop On My Cpr Tour - 1610 Words

Crystal City Underground The first stop on my CPR tour was the Crystal City Underground. This awesome cave sits in the heart Crystal City, which is located about 30 miles south of St Louis, MO. Carved into the Mississippi river bluff this cavern was once an active sand mine serving a local glass plant, Pittsburgh Plate Glass factory, with materials for almost a century. In the 1980’s the plant and the mine were closed, allowing water that was pumped out for decades to begin to flood portions of the cave. The recent owners of this cave decided to turn the property into a tourist attraction. They built up area’s for children to explore, adults to play games, a stage for bands to play, a sitting area with large TV’s for sports and other event enjoyment, and barges to take tours on while exploring the depths of vastness this cave has to offer. On the day of my arrival I had the pleasure of experiencing a dark path being well lit with over 400 carved pumpkins along what was pleasantly t itled the Great Pumpkin Walk. As I ventured along I could see multiple paths that led to deeper parts of the cavern. Many of these paths were blocked off for what I am assuming were safety reasons. After walking what seemed to be a half mile I arrived at the tour barge. Loaded with 8 passengers our tour guide, Steve, took us deep into the cave and explained its history while showing us fascinating things. I witnessed my first close up experience with cave bats, got to see permanentShow MoreRelatedSummary of Catching Fire by Suzanne Collins1065 Words   |  5 PagesFor my book report I chose â€Å"Catching Fire† by Suzanne Collins. Catching Fire is set in a alternative universe that is set up in a way a monarchy would function there is the king or a president who is a cold hearted human being named President Snow. Then there are the nobles or in this situation the capital people, the capital people are wealthy and they dress outrageously just so people can distin guish them from non wealthy people. Lastly skipping the presents you have the slaves or the districtsRead MoreMichel Jackson : The King Of Pop1446 Words   |  6 PagesCeo Berry Gordon and Diana Ross. August 1969, the Jackson 5 were introduced to the music industry at a private special event. The Jackson 5 were officially the Supremes new the opening act. Their first album, Diana Ross Presents the Jackson 5,hit the charts in December of 1969. The Jackson 5 very first single, I Want You Back, hit No. 1 on the billboards chart top 100 charts in January 1970. The Jackson 5 were becoming superstars. The Jackson 5 broke the record four having four no.1 singles inRead MoreAn Open Door Policy Between Team Teams6780 Words   |  28 Pagesequip them with what they need to climb our glorious mountains, enjoy our beautiful PNW waters and hike our amazing forests. Our Human Resource Department welcomes any questions you may have. We are here to help in any way possible. Please feel free to stop by the Human Resource Department or call Kellie Rowland, Human Resource Administrative Assistant at 253-555-2100 to schedule an appointment. Mission Statement Our mission is to provide our customers with the products they need and the service theyRead More‚Äà ºa Contemporary View on Health Care System in Bangladesh.‚Äà ¹14806 Words   |  60 Pagesis necessary to get the better knowledge about the real scenario. The report is a requirement of the internship program for my MBA Degree. Conduction of Internship/ Dissertation started on 20th December 2009 and ended on 12th February 2010. My internship supervisor at International Islamic University Chittagong, Dhaka Campus, Mr. R M Nasrullah Zaidi assigned me the topic of my report. The reason behind choosing this topic is getting a clear picture of the health sector of Bangladesh. Working on thisRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesEmployees 243 Common Elements in MBO Programs 243 Does MBO Work? 243 Linking Concepts to Practice: Discussion Questions 226 Developing Diagnostic and Analytical Skills 226 Case Application 9-A: A Fudge Career 226 Case Application 9-B: Funeral for My Career 226 Working with a Team: Career Insights 227 Learning an HRM Skill: Making a Career Choice 227 Enhancing Your Communication Skills 228 PART 5 MAINTAINING HIGH PERFORMANCE Chapter 10 Establishing the Performance Management System 230 Learning

Business Law Contract Law

Questions: 1. Differentiation between the different legal terms? 2. Clear understanding of contract law? 3. Clear understanding of the effects of duress and undue influence on contracts? 4. A natural formation of conclusions ? Answers: 1.Difference between undue influence and duress As per the Contract Act 1872, duress and undue influence are two separate legal terms that makes a contract voidable. Duxbury, (2009) stated that duress is the situation when one party has forced using threat of violence, the other party to enter into contract. In certain circumstances, the party may not willingly enter into a contract; however, if the other party creates wrongful pressure on the unwilling party, then the situation may be termed as duress. On the contrary, undue influence is the situation where one party takes advantage of the power and position and exerts influence over the other party to make decisions regarding the contract. In cases of legal applications of both the situations in respect to contracts, duress is taken similar to undue influence. However, for undue influence to occur there should be a relationship between the contracting parties. Duress on the other hand involves direct threat from the parties. Stone, (2009) stated that in cases of physical threats, situations of duress have been seen. A contract may be termed voidable on the grounds of duress if the following situations prevail namely: Physical threats concerning harm to the life or property of the party Threat of disgracing the party and the family members of the party Threat of inflicting criminal prosecution of some related person of the party. Threat of inflicting economic loss to the party and the family members Chen-Wishart, (2012) pointed that contrary to the above stated situations undue influence does not involve direct threats rather it involves creation of excessive mental pressure on the unwilling party, which would change the decision, and freedom of choice of the party. As per the norms of Contract act 1872, undue influence makes a contract voidable on the part of the party whose consent is obtained unwillingly. 2. Contracts and unconscionable contracts A contract is an agreement between two or more parties including an offer and acceptance by the parties with intention to create a legal obligation along with consideration. Section 2(302) of the contract act sets out the terms for unconscionable contract. These type of contracts are one sided and thus unfair to either of the parties making the contract unenforceable under law. MacMillan, (2010) stated that some of the major factors that are making a contract unenforceable are undue influence, duress, unequal bargaining power, unfair surprise and limited liability of the contracting parties. Butler, (2012) thus stated that the concepts of undue influence and duress are responsible for making a contract unenforceable. However apart from these factors, a normal contract also becomes void under the circumstances of false representation of information by either of the contracting parties (Stone and Stone, 2011). For instance in case of Schawel v Reade [1913] 2 IR 8, the claimant purchase d a horse for the purpose of making the horse a stud. The defendant that is the horse seller assured the claimant that the horse was sound no medical examination is required. However, the claimant later found the horse has a hereditary eye disease and was not able to use the horse for the purpose for which he had purchased it. Thus, the claimant was able to file suit against the defendant on the ground of false representation. Some other instance of breach of contract on the grounds of false reporesentation of information can also be seen in the case of Bannerman v White (1861) 10 CBNS 844. However, in case of Ecay v Godfrey [1947] 80 Lloyds Rep 286, the defendant sold a boat and suggested that claimant to supervise and check the boat for any faults. However, the claimant did not check and purchased the boat. Later the boat turned out to be defective. However, in this case the defendants suggestion of checking represented that there were no false representation on the part of the defendant and hence the defendant was cleared of all charges (Butler, 2009). 3. Relevant case laws and their application In the past legislation history, various cases have been produced making a contract voidable imposing the use of duress and undue influence at the time of making the contracts. In Latter v Bradell (1880) 50 L.J.C.P 166, the house cleaner was forced by the mistress to undergo medical examination against her will. However, when the house cleaner pleaded for justice on the grounds of duress, the court dismissed the plea stating that there was no infliction of any physical pressure or torture on the maid and hence it was not considered as duress. However, the same was considered as undue influence by the court as the decision of the maid was influenced by the mistress (Young, 2010). Thus, from the above case it is certain that both duress and undue influence cannot exist in case of making a contract unconscionable. Either of the two factors should be present to make the contract unenforceable. In certain cases although the claimants plead for duress, however the court finds there are no such situations of making the contract unenforceable. For instance, in case of Skeate v Beale (1840), the claimant had pleaded for duress on the ground of threat that had been made by the defendant regarding the property of the claimant. However, the court dismissed the situation because threat directed towards property was not considered under undue influence or duress (Neyers, Bronaugh and Pitel, 2009). As per the legislations of the Contract act 1872, an act of duress if proved by the party in the court of law, would give the party the opportunity to cancel the contract. Similarly, for the party to cancel the contract based on undue influence, the party must prove that situation of unreasonable the other party for potentially changing the decision of the party has exerted influence. Ayres and Ayres, (2012) stated that in case of making a difference between duress and undue influence, the party suffering the situations should show that physical threat has been inflicted and in case of undue influence, a relationship exists between the contracting parties that will show that the influence has been exerted. 4. Conclusion The overall analysis of the difference between the contractual terms like duress, undue influence and false representation of information show that, these are some of the independent situations under which the parties can plead for cancellation of contract. The difference between undue influence and duress is clear from the application of the same within the case laws. Thus, it may be relevantly concluded that both undue influence and duress can make contract unconscionable. However, the situations cannot exist together rather if the party is physically threatened then to situation is duress and if the party is influenced and pressurized by the other party then the situation is undue influence. References Ayres, I. and Ayres, I. (2012). Studies in contract law. New York: Foundation Press. Butler, D. (2009). Contract law. Chatswood, N.S.W.: LexisNexis Butterworths. Butler, D. (2012). Contract law. Chatswood, N.S.W.: LexisNexis Butterworths. Chen-Wishart, M. (2012). Contract law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Duxbury, R. (2009). Contract law. London: Sweet Maxwell. MacMillan, C. (2010). Mistakes in contract law. Oxford: Hart Pub. Neyers, J., Bronaugh, R. and Pitel, S. (2009). Exploring contract law. Oxford: Hart Pub. Stone, R. (2009). Contract law. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge-Cavendish. Stone, R. and Stone, R. (2011). Contract law. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Young, M. (2010). Understanding contract law. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge-Cavendish.

The Essence of Success (Great Gatsby Essay) Essay Example Essay Example

The Essence of Success (Great Gatsby Essay) Essay Example Paper The Essence of Success (Great Gatsby ) Essay Introduction Surprisingly, the different attitude between different genders toward cushion is considered as an essential factor for people to engage in fashion purchasing. 1 . INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 1 . 1. Importance of the research In recent decades, the apparel production plays a vital role in the economy of a country. It is estimated that Clothing retailing was $23. 9 million on September 201 1, which take up. The expansion of Apparel industry in Australia poses challenges and heavy pressure to enterprises who do not understand and analyses the factors of consumer requirement toward fashion. Sigmund (2012) pointed out that marketing research are able to educe the risk of the uncertain or wrong decision, allowing companies to get higher profits. According to McCarthy OPS marketing mix (1 960), any business success is based on â€Å"OPS†, regarding to product, price, promotion and place. Without proper understanding of the expectations of consumers and properly marketing methods, man agers might attribute to management problems and financial loss. Thus, this study is incredibly important, for it will allow the manager to know how to design a campaign that can meet consumers needs and expectation, understanding how to improve the tankard of marketing mix and fashion trend are processing and making the prediction about fashion design in the future. 1. 2. Scope of report This report demonstrates adults who are living in Australia purchasing behavior with associated with fashion clothing. However, because of the geographic, time and cost limitations, only four randomly selected interview transcripts are taken from QUA T Blackboard. The Essence of Success (Great Gatsby ) Essay Body Paragraphs Therefore, the data presented in this report may differ from other results. 1. 3. Research Problem The purchasing behavior of adults associated with fashion clothing in Australia. 1. 4. Aim and Objectives The aim of this report is to qualitatively explore the drivers of fashion clothing purchase behavior. Specific objectives include: To identity which types of clothing consumers perceive as fashionable and unfashionable. To identify why consumers perceive some clothing as fashionable and other clothing as unfashionable. To understand societal values that lead to fashion clothing purchases. To identify motives that influence consumers to purchase fashion clothing. To understand fashion clothing purchase behaviors. 2. METHOD 2. 1 . Methodological considerations and assumptions In this study, exploratory qualitative research will be developed to investigated consumers purchasing behaviors and attitudes. Due to the fact that there are a few of previously systematic theories and structure d studies about people’s attitude about the fashion purchasing. For these reason, this report intends to deepen understanding of this problem and explore factors contributing to purchasing behaviors associated with fashion clothing through using the methods of interviews. The qualitative research will be in the form of in-depth interviews. First of all, it can be interact with respondents’ reaction directly. In addition, in-depth interviews can eliminate or reduce peer pressures, which ensures more freely exchange information. Moreover, One to one interview makes respondent feel that they are focus of attention, so that their thoughts and experiences are important. On the negative side, the cost of interview is almost higher than other methods. Because interview takes long time and spends much money, especially when there are a number of respondents. However, Idiotic-Bloom and Cerebrate (2006) believed that interview is an integral stage of an evolving study process th at is responsive to emerging insights. It deserves to spend a certain number of money. 2. 2. Sample Considerations It is essential to select a representative and accurate sample. The population of interest this study will be the adults in Australia who are over 18 years old. In other words, a consumer should own understandings of fashion and infusion independently. Due to time limitation, 4 samples come from QUIT blackboard sources. In terms of sample selection, this study uses in simple random sampling. The transcript database is made up Of respondents Of different age, gender and background. In order to obtain a gender-balanced exult, this research decides to choose 2 males and 2 females transcripts randomly. 2. 3. Data collection and framework, and analytical consideration In order to narrow the scope of consumer behaviors associated with fashion purchasing effectively, the research will use an interview as method for collecting data, all interviewers are required to familiar wit h interview guideline and question and make sure interview question are relevant. Also, check the audio equipment works properly and find a quiet place to implement interview. When the interview is in progress, interviewers should hank the participant for agreeing in the interview and introduce the topic firstly. Then, explain the process and requirement of the interview. Thirdly, confirm the respondents eligibility (must be at least 1 8 years old) and obtain signed consent. As the respondents are confirmed to be over 18 years, the interviews will use interviews objective and questions (see Appendices C. ) to question respondents about 30 minutes. It should be noticed that interviewers should add some another flexible questions accordingly to respondents reactions and experiences. After interview, the interviewer would transcribe the interview record and uploaded it to online database. Interviewer will choose addition three interview transcripts from another interviewer. The researc h will be analyses by thematic content analysis. 3. 0 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS The ethical consideration, as a foundation of all researchers, not only supports the aim of quality of research, but also improves the creditability and positive effect on study. Willing co-operation of the public is the main participants of this research. Research should be carried out honestly, objectively and protects participants’ rights Of privacy. Rights and obligations to respondents (MAMAS, 2013): Voluntary participation Informed of recording and observation Assurance of bona fades Rights and obligations to researcher (MAMAS, 2013): understanding the purpose of research and maintain objective Protecting confidentially of research records The data can not be used for any non-research purpose 4. 0 ANALYSIS Braun and Clarke (2006) said that thematic content analysis is a convenient and theoretically flexible method to analyzing qualitative data. This study uses thematic content analysis and pres ents analyses information from collected transcripts. Table 1 indicates the codes and themes of the analysis. Full transcripts can be found in Appendix A. 5. 0 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS . 10 Interpretation of the data To identity which types of clothing consumers perceive as fashionable and unfashionable. It can be seen from the results in Table 1, fashion is generally defined to a tendency, which general public follow in one particular period. All of respondent pointed out unfashionable clothing looks dirty or unflattering. However, it should be noticed that there are some different thoughts between different genders. Female Respondents are likely to believe that uxorious brand like Zimmerman and Camilla as fashionable symbol, while men think that pattern and materials are the most essential component of fashion rather than brand. To identify why consumers perceive some clothing as fast enable and other clothing as unfashionable. Respondents perceive fashion clothing based on tw o basic factors, including the recognition and shopping places. They have a deep-rooted notion that clothing brought from supermarket like Target, Smart or some roadside stands are unfashionable, whereas those purchased from mega shopping center are regarded as superior quality products. It would be noted that some male respondent think that some famous brand, like LB, GUCCI lacks creative design products. To understand societal values that lead to fashion clothing purchases. According to all transcripts, it is apparent that social network and mass media can poses effects on people’s attitude toward fashion purchasing behaviors and the way of dressing. People get fashion information via diverse ways, such as celebrity dressing style, friends recommendation, magazines, American TV series, Backbone. There is a recognition that many media or celebrities obtain financial sponsorship from garment enterprises , so they resent some information to affect people’s opinions. In addition, female respondents put emphasis on fashion clothing in the importance of first Impression. To identify motives that influence consumers to purchase fashion clothing. It is worth emphasizing that ages, occasions and body figure can affect consumers motivation toward fashion clothing. Most of respondent think that they should dress maturely since they become older. Also, dressing manly or female may be not main considerations for all respondents because some people prefer to dress comfortably and suitably. It should be doted that when clothing promotion, like discount, people would buy relative expensive clothing. To understand fashion clothing purchase behaviors. Female respondents would not avoid buying designer clothing because they focus on quality and outstanding brand logo. However, male respondents are partly different. After decision they made in mind, no matter what they buy, they just go to shopping center for looking around and select. .2 Implication for managemen t. It is recommended that the Apparel industry should take relevant actions accordingly â€Å"OPS† marketing mix. In terms of the relation between products ND people, various preferences between different genders, garment enterprises ought to research people’s needs and expectation, developing market segmentation and design new products to satisfy different aged and gender groups’ requirement. We will write a custom essay sample on The Essence of Success (Great Gatsby Essay) Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Essence of Success (Great Gatsby Essay) Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Essence of Success (Great Gatsby Essay) Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer